What is the name of the mushroom with a red cap and its description (+24 photos)

5 / 5 ( 1 voice )

Mushroom picking always turns into a gambling hunt. This is not only a fun, but also a useful activity. In just one mushroom foray you can recharge your batteries in the forest and provide your whole family with supplies for the winter. Traditionally, mushrooms with brown caps are trusted by lovers of quiet hunting. Let's consider some types of edible mushrooms and their poisonous counterparts, their places of growth and characteristics.

Gray row

Ryadovka gray (Ryadovka hatched, little mouse (mouse, little mouse), pine pine, green grass, gray sandpiper, serushka) is an edible mushroom that belongs to the Ryadovkov family:

• the mushroom has a dark gray cap measuring 15 cm. Often in the center of the top there are ray stripes of a dark shade. The older the eukaryote becomes, the less attractive the surface appears;
• the stem of the rows is proportionally long and white;
• The pulp is usually gray, has a floury taste and a pleasant delicate aroma.

Gray rower
The gray rower can be confused with a representative of the same genus - the mouse rower, which is very dangerous, because the latter mushroom is poisonous. However, there are quite clear differences between them: the gray row has a more pronounced contour of the cap.

Poisonous mouse row Mouse is an incredible find, because you can prepare any dish from it, but pre-treatment (20-minute boiling) is required.

Poisonous mushrooms

The most famous mushrooms that can lead to poisoning and death are the following:

1. Satanic. Reminds me of a boletus. Hemispherical cap with smooth grayish, slightly velvety skin. The stem is dense, orange at the top and slightly tapering. In the center of the leg there is a red mesh, turning into a yellow-brown color near the ground.
2. Death cap.
   The appearance of the fruit changes over time from oval, hemispherical, to flat. A ring on a flat, hollow stem is required. Toadstools remain light in color as they age. Single small fruits cannot be collected. Toadstool does not grow in the field. Death cap

Reference! Within 8-12, less often 20-40 hours after swallowing even a small piece of mushroom, signs of poisoning appear. Somewhere on the 4-5th day the condition improves (“false recovery”). But intoxication of the liver and kidneys continues. In the absence of drug treatment, death is possible in the future.

TOP 5 interesting facts about tree mushrooms

Edible species that parasitize plants are used in the preparation of salads and main dishes. They are pickled and salted, eaten stewed and fried, and added to snacks and delicacies in Korean and Chinese. Heat treatment is required before use. Energy value (calorie content) – 14-25 kcal.

Interesting facts worth noting:

1. Crafts made from wood mushroom. From the hard pulp of some species they make figurines, jewelry (pendants, pendants), and make original lamps and lighting fixtures.
2. Ability to bear fruit on wet sawdust, straw or cellulose. This feature allows you to grow some varieties in summer cottages.
3. Increases with soaking. Tree mushrooms are small in size when dried, but when placed in water they expand several times in size.
4. Taste of seafood. Species growing on trees differ in taste characteristics from classic mushrooms.
5. Unique chemical composition. Many species have healing properties for the body and improve mental activity. They are used as part of low-calorie diets for weight loss, in the treatment of allergies, gastritis, oncology, diabetes and other diseases.

Useful types can be purchased in pharmacies in dry form. They are also included in a number of preparations for internal use and external application. In stores they are sold in pressed form (packaging briquettes).

Boletus yellow-brown

The yellow-brown boletus (or aspen boletus) is an unusual representative of eukaryotes, which differs from other edible relatives by its scaly leg:

• the cap is large, reaching 20 cm. It is not very voluminous, yellow-brown in color with smooth edges;
• The scaly leg is usually large, thick, and proportionally high. Black scales highlight the white leg;
• The boletus pulp is fleshy, tasty, but does not have a pronounced odor.

The boletus prefers young deciduous and mixed forests and appears in June and disappears in October. Mushroom pickers usually harvest their largest harvest in mid-September.

Boletus is similar exclusively to mushrooms from its own family and differs only in color. This product is great for pickling. Salted or pickled boletuses turn out worse because they lose their shape.

Lamellar

Lamellar mushrooms are distinguished by the fact that the spore-bearing layer (hymenophore) is located on the plates of the cap. They, in turn, stretch from the middle to the edges and protrude edge down.

White breast

It is distinguished by a rich white color, but sometimes yellowing may appear. The cap has a diameter of 5 to 20 cm and is covered with mucus. The shape is funnel-shaped (has a notch in the center), and the edges are rounded and lowered to the bottom, sometimes covered with fibrous-shaggy growths. The spores are colorless, the plates are white with a slightly yellow edge. The pulp is dense but brittle. The mushroom contains white milky juice with a strong odor; it turns yellow when exposed to air.

The stem has a length of 2 to 6 cm, a diameter of 1-4 cm. In an old mushroom, it becomes hollow.

White milk mushrooms especially love birch groves. Together with the roots of birch trees, this fungus forms mycorrhiza. Can bear fruit from July to September.

Black breast

The cap is slimy, olive-colored at the edges and dark olive, almost black in the center. Its diameter is 7-20 cm, and its shape is funnel-shaped, the edges are curved downwards. The pulp is dense, white, gray when cut. The mushroom secretes a white milky juice with a specific odor. Beige spores.

The leg has a height of 3 to 8 cm and a diameter of 1-3 centimeters. With age it becomes hollow. The color of the stem is identical to the cap, the shape is cylindrical, tapering slightly at the soil.

The black milkweed prefers birch and can also be found in other deciduous forests. It needs light, so this mushroom often bears fruit along roads and in clearings. Collection time: from July to mid-October.

Felt breast

The mushroom is white in color, but may turn yellow or become spotted with age. The cap of a young milk mushroom is rounded with a fringe, later the edges stretch upward, and a funnel is created in the center. The diameter can be from 7 to 18 cm. The plates are sparse, yellowish, and as they mature they darken and acquire a brown color.

The leg is cylindrical, 2-8 cm in height. The flesh of it and the cap are the same: white, dense, hard. The mushroom secretes a caustic, white, milky sap that does not change color in the air (it can only leave a red or brown mark as it dries).

The mushroom can live in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests, but especially likes to settle at the roots of birch trees. They can be collected from July to September-early October.

Volnushka pink

The pink volnushka has a large cap (from 5 to 15 cm in diameter). The color is pale pink with darker circles radiating from the center. In wet weather, the cap becomes covered with mucus, its shape is round, with a funnel-shaped depression; in young mushrooms the edges are rounded, in adults they are raised to the top and expose beige plates with spores. The pulp is loose, pale yellow.

The leg is pale pink, hollow, has a diameter of up to 2 cm and a height of up to 7 cm. The flesh of the leg is pink.

The mushroom secretes a bitter white milky juice.

The pink hornwort chooses places to grow near the roots of birch and aspen trees and loves moist soil. Fruiting begins in June and lasts until the end of October, since this mushroom is not afraid of frost.

Common milkweed

The cap is large - from 7 to 12 cm in diameter; in humid climates it is covered with mucus. Young mushrooms have curled edges and a depression in the center. With age, the edges straighten, rise up, become thin, and the center of the cap turns into a funnel. Its color is at first a dark brown-gray shade, then becomes light gray with a bluish, blue and lilac tint. There are pale circles on the cap. The pulp is yellow, dense and brittle. The plates are beige, the spores have a bright yellow color.

The leg is cavity-shaped, cylindrical, slightly lighter in color than the cap. Its height is from 5 to 15 cm, and its diameter is 1-3 cm.

The common milkweed loves humid regions, settling in birch groves or pine forests. Available for collection from July to September.

Milky sweetish

Color varies from light orange to brick red. The mushroom contains a pungent white milky juice. It does not change its color when exposed to air.

The cap of the sweet milkweed has a diameter of 3-8 cm. It is fleshy, funnel-shaped, but there is a small tubercle in its center. The pulp is loose and brittle. The plates change color from soft beige to pink.

The leg is from 4 to 8 cm, with a diameter of 1-3 cm. Slightly lighter in color than the cap, it can bend a little.

Sweet milkweed is found in deciduous forests. Fruiting occurs in the period August-end of September.

Milky brown

The color of the mushroom can be from dark brown to brown, with the stem and edges of the cap being slightly darker and the center being lighter. The surface is velvety to the touch. The pulp has a light yellow, almost white color, but at the point of breaking it turns red or acquires an ocher color. Young brown lacticians have a cushion-shaped cap; with age it becomes funnel-shaped, but a small tubercle remains in the center. Its diameter is from 3 to 7 cm. The plates are large, frequent, white, descending onto the stem. The spores are dirty yellow.

The leg has a diameter of 1-3 cm and a length of 5-8 cm. It is cylindrical in shape, can bend and be narrowed at the base.

The brown milkhen prefers coniferous forests. It can be collected from August to the end of September.

Milky fragrant

The hat and leg are the same beige color with a gray tint. The mushroom has a coconut scent. It is imparted by white milky juice. It is not caustic and does not change color in air.

The cap is dry, round, with thin edges and a depression in the center, which becomes deeper with age. Its diameter is 3-6 cm. The plates are frequent and thin, slightly paler in color than the rest of the mushroom. The spores are light cream in color. The pulp is white, loose.

The length of the leg is 5-8 cm, width is 1-3 cm. It thickens near the ground. The stem is smooth, but as the mushroom matures, it becomes hollow.

The fragrant milkweed can most often be found in deciduous forests under layers of fallen leaves. It is collected from August to October.

You can learn more about what conditionally edible milkweeds look like, as well as how to prepare them for safe consumption by watching this video:

Champignon tabular

The cap is white, fleshy, with downward-curved edges, with a diameter of 5 to 20 cm. Its top cracks into tabular-shaped plates. They often darken, becoming gray or brown. When pressed, the cap may turn yellow. In old mushrooms, the edges align, revealing the plates. At first they are as white as the cap itself, and then darken due to brown-brown spores.

The leg is short and dense. Its length is 3-7 cm, and its diameter is 1-3 cm. The flesh of the cap and stem is the same: white, very tender.

The young mushroom will have a ring that gradually separates from the stem and hangs in clumps.

The tabular champignon prefers areas with a dry climate, steppe zones.

Tiger Sawfoil

White mushroom. The cap is dry, its diameter is up to 10 cm, at first it is convex, then it bends the edges towards the top. The surface is covered with small brown scales. It has white flesh and light orange plates.

The length of the leg is from 3 to 5 cm, and the diameter is about 1 cm. It is also covered with scales, only thicker, and darkens a little towards the base.

Tiger sawleaf grows by feeding on rotten wood. Most often, this mushroom is found in damp deciduous forests, near swamps, on stumps or fallen trees. He especially loves willows and poplars.

Fruits from late April to early November. Most can be collected from July to September, as group growth occurs during this period.

Common scalyfoot

The mushroom is beige, yellow or light brown. It is all covered with small dark scales. Its flesh is yellow and tough.

The cap is dry, with a diameter of 5 to 15 cm. Its shape is round, the edges are turned down, and there is a small tubercle in the middle. The plates are frequent and can be gray, red or brown. The spores are brown.

The leg has a diameter of up to 2 cm and grows from 5 to 15 cm in height. Pieces of the ring remain on it.

The common scalyfoot prefers deciduous forests. It grows at the roots or on the stumps of trees with hard wood. It needs light, so the mushroom often chooses illuminated places. It can be collected from July to September.

Golden scale

This subspecies lives in large families on tree trunks. Each mushroom is covered with scales. But on the cap they are less densely located, and also larger and darker than on the stem.

The cap itself is bright yellow, cushion-shaped, 5-18 cm in diameter, with a tubercle in the middle, the edges are curved towards the bottom. With age, it takes on a flat appearance. The plates are wide, initially yellow, and in adult mushrooms they acquire an olive color. The flesh is cream or yellow.

A leg curved at the base as it is attached to the trunk. It is 1-2 cm in diameter, the length can be 15 cm. The young mushroom has a ring, which later disappears.

Golden scale loves old deciduous forests. It can bear fruit from late May to early November.

Row purple

The young mushroom has a purple color; with age it turns pale, becoming purple.

The cap is round, fleshy, with uneven edges. Its diameter is 5-15 cm. The plates are frequent, large, but thin. The spores are pink. The pulp is dense, the same color as the mushroom, and has a fruity smell.

The stalk is fibrous, cylindrical in shape, with a thickening near the soil. Height – 4-8 cm, width in cross section – 1.5-3 cm.

Grows in mixed or coniferous forests. Fruits in the fall, before the first frost.

Poplar row

The mushroom has a light orange color. The hat is plump, soft, hemispherical in shape, over time the edges straighten and it becomes prostrate. Its diameter is 5-12 cm. The pulp and plates of young mushrooms are first white or cream, and then pink with a brown tint.

The leg is 5-10 cm in height and 2-4 cm in width, expanding closer to the soil. The base of the cap is light, almost white.

Poplar row is a common mushroom. It is found in deciduous forests, parks, and gardens. Predisposed to grow in poplars. You can collect rows from August to October.

Winter honey fungus

The mushroom grows in families on stumps and fallen trunks. The cap is convex, glossy, with an uneven wavy edge. When humidity increases, it becomes covered with mucus. The color is amber, darker in the center, lighter at the edges, up to pale yellow. The plates are large and beige in color. The spores are white. The pulp contains a lot of moisture, its color is the same as that of the plates.

The leg is light brown, thin (up to 1 cm in diameter), 5-8 cm high.

Distributed in deciduous forests. Fruiting begins in November and can last all winter during thaws.

Entomola garden

The young mushroom is white in color, with a slightly creamy cap. The older it gets, the grayer it becomes, and may gradually acquire a brown tint.

At first, the shape of the cap resembles a bell, but over time the edges rise, become thin, and sometimes torn. A convex tubercle remains in the center. The plates are rare and wide, changing color from pink to brown with a red tint. The spores are pink. The pulp is white and dense.

The stem is long (up to 12 cm), fibrous, sometimes twisted, has grooves, and in the old mushroom it is hollow. The width varies from 2 to 4 cm.

Garden entomola can be found in deciduous or mixed forests, gardens and parks. Fruiting occurs from the end of May to the end of July.

Medicinal properties of Polish mushroom

The beneficial properties of the Belopolsky mushroom are determined, first of all, by theanine, an amino acid that is also present in green tea. Due to this, it is considered medicinal, because. He:

• Helps you relax and calm down.
• Normalizes blood pressure.
• Neutralizes the negative effects of caffeine.
• Serves as an excellent preventative against cancer.
• Helps fight excess weight.

In addition, medicinal mushrooms have other beneficial properties:

• More than a dozen amino acids help improve brain function.
• B vitamins normalize the functioning of the nervous system, regenerate neurons, improve skin, hair and nails.
• Thanks to chitin, this product helps the body get rid of toxins and harmful impurities.
• They have a diuretic effect, relieve swelling, are useful for kidney problems, and help remove sand from them.
• Effective in the treatment of wen, warts and bruises.

The beneficial properties of the Belopolsky mushroom are determined primarily by theanine, an amino acid that is also present in green tea.

Where do Polish mushrooms grow?

The Polish mushroom is most common in Europe (Western Ukraine, Poland, Germany, the Baltics, the Czech Republic, Belarus and part of Russia), the Caucasus, and Siberia (Western and Eastern). It can be found in the forests of the Far East, Azerbaijan, Central Asia, Mongolia and even North America, as well as in some areas of Australia.

What forests do they grow in?

Moss fly mushrooms live both in coniferous forests, where they form mycorrhiza (symbiosis of fungal mycelium with the root system of plants growing above them) with pine and spruce tree species, and in mixed, slightly less common deciduous forests.

What trees to look under

It is most likely to see Polish mushrooms under chestnut, beech, pine, spruce and oak. The most favorable soil for these mushrooms is moss and sandstones, as well as the bases of trees. At the same time, they grow in small groups or singly.

Where they don't grow

Moss fly mushrooms are quite rare in areas with hot and dry summers; their main habitat is the northern temperate climate zone.

Widespread tree fungus: characteristics of the scaly tinder fungus

The scaly tinder fungus can be called differently: elm fungus, variegated tinder fungus, variegated tinder fungus, and hare fungus. In appearance it resembles disks or plates that have grown into a tree trunk.

It usually grows low. Sometimes it reaches a height of up to 10-12 meters or, on the contrary, grows almost out of the ground. Rotten stumps are perfect for the appearance of scaly tinder fungus.

Appearance and distribution area

The young scaly polypore has a helmet-shaped shape, but over time it changes to a fan-shaped cap. The cap grows up to 30-40 cm in diameter and is covered with black or brown scales arranged in concentric circles. It has thin and downward-curving edges of the cap, sometimes they are jagged. The caps are quite thick, fleshy, and have juicy flesh. When broken, they emit a pleasant smell, similar to the smell of a half-baked bun, sometimes completely honey-like. As the mushroom matures, the cap becomes harsh to the touch. Most often painted yellow. The bottom is tubular, yellowish or white in color.

The leg of the scaly tinder fungus reaches a thickness of up to 4 cm in diameter and is short. In some cases, the length reaches up to 8-10 cm. The location is mainly lateral and never grows from the center. The shape of the leg can be either straight or curved. The mass is dense, but upward it becomes reticulate, porous and loose. As for the color of the mushroom stem, it has a white, cream or yellowish tone. The color of the base is brown with black, covered with dark scales over the entire surface.

The scaly polypore is a widespread species in the broadleaf forests of North America and Europe. In Russia it grows in the Krasnodar region, Stavropol region and Crimea. It is also found in the North Caucasus. A separate subspecies of the scaly tinder fungus is also found in the forests of Eastern Siberia, the Far East and even Kamchatka.

The fungus grows not only in forests, but also in city parks, preferring weakened non-coniferous trees such as maple and sometimes beech. Most of all he likes to settle on an elm tree - hence its second name - elm tree. Often the fungus grows in clusters, forming small colonies.

Medicinal properties

In official medicine, the scaly polypore is used as the basis for preparations. Mushroom medicine provides an excellent therapeutic effect aimed at restoring organs that have been intoxicated by toxic substances. These can be both ordinary poisons and heavy metals like mercury and even gases like sarin.

The medicinal properties of tinder fungus are also used in folk medicine. Recipes for the preparation of dry anti-inflammatory extracts and ointments that inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi developing on human skin and under nails have long been known.

Medicinal ointments are prepared from the scaly tinder fungus

You can eat, but only be careful!

The scaly polypore is a conditionally edible mushroom, and only when fresh. That is, collected in the spring, when its flesh is soft and fleshy. Later, the pulp becomes hard, similar to an old cork, crumbles easily and loses its taste.

You can prepare delicious and varied dishes from the mushroom. There are cooking recipes that allow you to fry, salt, pickle and dry, as well as cook pies with them, add them to soups as a seasoning and much more.

Cooking the scaly tinder fungus should begin immediately after returning from the forest: the first step is to soak the mushroom well for 12 hours, but it can be longer. In this case, the water is changed every 1-1.5 hours. Regardless of what dish you are planning to cook, the mushroom should first be finely chopped and then boiled well. It should be boiled for at least 40 minutes, then peeled off the skin and scales. An undercooked mushroom turns out to be quite hard and slightly sweet in taste, and this sweetness will not be interrupted even by the abundant use of spices.

Before cooking, the scaly polypore must be soaked for at least twelve hours.

Timely collected and properly prepared scaly polypore has amazing taste properties. Having prepared a dish from it at least once, you can fall in love with these woody mushrooms for life!

Features, places of growth and season of edible brown mushrooms

Among the brown mushrooms there are many edible ones. The following are edible: oyster mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, chanterelles, hedgehog mushrooms, sandpipers, obabok, champignons, saffron milk caps, poplar rows.

Porcini

Some individuals of this species grow up to half a meter. They have a large velvet hat measuring up to 30 cm in diameter. The leg is powerful and strong, covered with a barely noticeable mesh. The elastic, hard, white flesh, when cut, does not lose the properties inherent to this type: it does not change in composition and does not darken, and does not release milk.

Despite the fact that they grow almost everywhere, they are rarely encountered on the path of mushroom hunting lovers. The brown mushroom can be found in medium-aged (over 20 years old) spruce or mixed forests from the beginning of July to the end of September. Boletuses do not like wetlands. Choose dry, well-lit edges, next to lichens and mosses.

Reference! Porcini mushroom contains amino acids. Helps cleanse the walls of blood vessels from atherosclerotic plaques. Positively affects cell renewal.

Brown dubovik

Closest relative of boletus. Can reach a significant value. The largest representatives of this company have a velvety cap up to 20 cm in diameter and a wide oval stem with small specks. When damaged or pressed, the oak tree reacts by changing color. A blue mark forms at the pressure point.

Oak trees can be found in the forests of the Caucasus, Carpathians, northern regions and central Russia. These mushrooms love wooded hills, wet slopes, and prefer young oaks. They begin to appear in forests in early summer. You can find them until late autumn, depending on the weather and region. Brown dubovik is a conditionally edible mushroom.

Attention! Dubovik is poisonous in its raw form. Before cooking, a long heat treatment is required, as well as double boiling for 20 minutes after boiling. This is the only way to get rid of toxins. It is strictly not recommended to drink alcohol together with oak trees.

Variegated flywheels

They belong to the tubular mushrooms. Can be up to 10 cm. The hat is brown. The flesh of moss mushrooms is slightly yellow; when damaged, it gradually darkens to a red color and may crack. This species is often found in deciduous and mixed forests of the Far East, Central Russia and the North Caucasus from early June to November.

Honey mushrooms

Often found in our forests. They have a long stem covered with a light brown round cap. A white powdery coating can often be observed on the stem.

They grow in families on fallen tree trunks and stumps. Honey mushrooms can be under the snow in early spring or late autumn, and are found even in summer cottages. This type of mushroom can be pickled, salted, fried, frozen - it is good in any type of preparation.

Attention! Undercooked autumn honey fungus contains toxins and can cause allergic digestive disorders.

Chanterelle

A very common type. It has an orange-brownish cap with wavy edges and frequent plates. It is concave, the shape resembles a funnel. Chanterelles are very good when fried.

Boletus

One of the most valuable trophies for lovers of “silent hunting”: a large, beautiful, fragrant mushroom. The leg is stable, scaly, the cap reaches 20 cm in diameter. In places of damage, contact with hands turns blue. Grows under young aspen trees in mixed forests. You can collect boletuses throughout the summer and until the end of September.

Reference! Boletus is useful for inflammatory and infectious diseases, in the postoperative period.

Truffle

Absolutely nothing like ordinary mushrooms. These individuals have neither legs nor caps. It is more reminiscent of a baked potato tuber weighing from 50 g to several kilograms. These strange mushrooms grow only in beech forests or oak groves of Southern France, Northern Italy, and Switzerland. In Russia, only their summer species is found.

Truffles require soft, porous, moist soil that is rich in calcium and oxygenated. The tubers are collected at night, when the aroma of these mushrooms is better felt in the still air. Because it is by smell that specially trained dogs and pigs search for them in the ground. Haute cuisine dishes are prepared from truffles according to special recipes, and sauces are made.

Sleeper mushroom - description of where it grows, toxicity of the mushroom

Sleeper mushroom is an edible species of mushroom belonging to the polyporaceae family. Despite its edibility, this species is little known, so many mushroom pickers, when they see it, simply avoid it. Another name for representatives of this species is scaly sawfoil.

Description of the species

Young specimens of the species have a rather convex cap, which gradually melts as the mushroom grows, forming a funnel-shaped depression in the inner part. The edges of the cap are quite thin. The diameter of this part of the mushroom does not exceed 100 mm. The color ranges from dirty white to light brown with some yellowness. On a dry surface, small scales of brown or brownish color can be clearly seen. Larger scales are located closer to the central part.

The lamellar body of the scaly sawfoil is distinguished by plates with rather large notches, their color varies from dirty yellow to brown. The flesh of this species is white in young specimens, dense and elastic, and hardens as it matures. The pulp of the fruiting body has a pleasant mushroom aroma.

The leg is regular in shape, solid, tapering towards the base. The color of this part of the sleeper mushroom is dirty white, the surface is covered with small reddish scales.

Places of growth

Most often, this type of mushroom can be found growing on fallen and dead trees; in fact, representatives of this species feed on decaying wood. In addition to dead wood, stumps and fallen trees, groups of fungi can also grow on various wood products, sleepers and telegraph poles, thereby destroying their structure. Note that in order to preserve the service life of such products, the latter are coated with a special antiseptic. However, this does not harm the sawfoil at all, which, on the contrary, likes such “impregnation”, in fact, which is why this species got its name - sleeper mushroom.

Where is the best place to collect?

Although the type of mushroom presented to our attention is edible, nevertheless, there are unlikely to be many people who want to try culinary delights with mushrooms growing on creosote-impregnated wood

Please note that mushrooms growing on sleepers can be harmful to health because they accumulate quite a large amount of harmful substances that negatively affect the human body.

Therefore, if you decide to harvest sawfoil, in this case these mushrooms should be collected in the forest thicket. For collection, it is better to choose young specimens, the preparation of which involves pickling and salting.

Poisonous doubles

The sleeper mushroom has a characteristic appearance, so it is quite difficult to confuse it with other species; at present, there is no information about the dangerous and poisonous doubles of this mushroom for humans.

Beneficial features

Due to their nutritional value, mushrooms such as sawfoils are widely used in oriental dishes. In addition to its nutritional value, sleeper mushroom is also very useful; when dried, it has a good antitumor effect in the treatment of cancer. Also, the use of sawfolium promotes the formation of useful substances, including interferon, which effectively fights many infectious diseases.

Saw leaf goblet - this mushroom is not used for preparing culinary dishes, as it is an inedible species. The hat has a characteristic funnel shape, the color is reddish-white. The caps of adult mushrooms are usually white, due to their fading. The surface of the skin of the fruiting body is dry, covered with fine hair, the edges are uneven. The pulp is quite elastic, with a pleasant aroma of fresh fruit. The mushroom stalk is small in size, but at the same time quite thick, almost completely covered with plates. Most often this species grows on damaged deciduous wood. Tiger sawfoil is a mushroom that is classified as a conditionally edible species. The mushroom cap has an asymmetrical shape, funnel-shaped. The surface is dry, densely dotted with small brown scales. The leg is white, darkening closer to the base. The pulp is white; when the fruiting body is broken, it almost immediately changes color and becomes red. The fruiting season is from early summer to mid-autumn. Most often, this type of mushroom is found in coniferous forests among accumulations of dead wood.

False inedible brown look-alikes

To determine edibility, you can rely on a number of features characteristic of poisonous and inedible mushrooms. If you have them, you just need to leave the found specimen in the forest. If you notice a volva (skirt), a change in the color of the pulp on the cut, or the presence of an unpleasant odor, it is better not to harvest such a crop. Inedible species include: rough blackberry (blackberry), mustard mushrooms, pepper mushrooms and others.

Reference! Before you start mushroom hunting, you need to familiarize yourself with what edible mushrooms and their doubles look like.

Gall mushroom (gorchak)

The inedible counterpart of the porcini mushroom. Has a similar light brown cap. The spongy substance of bittergrass turns pink over time. The stalk of the gall fungus is covered with a grayish-brown network of fibers of a round or angular shape. At the point of breakage it immediately darkens, acquiring a brown color. The false white mushroom is not affected by worms. If you lick the flesh with your tongue, it has a bitter taste.

You can come across this mushroom from June to October in coniferous and deciduous forests in Russia, Europe and America. It is found mainly on rotten stumps, in tree roots, in groups.

Reference! Gorchak is quickly used in medicine. Included in choleretic agents.

Galerina bordered

It is easily confused with the summer honey mushroom. Does not have an unpleasant odor. But, unlike summer mushrooms, it grows in coniferous forests. Summer honey mushrooms prefer the wood of deciduous trees to live.

Important! The poison of the galerina is very dangerous, similar to the toxin of the toadstool or red fly agaric.

The raincoat is smelly

A common variety. It is a brown fruiting body with curved dark spines. Young mushrooms are white-yellowish inside and become olive-brown as they mature. The smell of young raincoats is reminiscent of lamp gas. Inedible.

This variety grows from early summer to late autumn everywhere in mixed and coniferous forests, mainly under spruce trees (Crimean region). The stinking puffball is similar to the edible pearl puffball, which is distinguished by its whitish color and pleasant mushroom aroma.

False doubles

The edible Polish mushroom has doubles. These include benign moss mushrooms: green, brown, variegated. How to determine them?

1. The green one has a cap of the corresponding color or gold. When cracked it turns yellow. Its tubular hymenophore is whitish-light green, the leg is light in color.
2. Brown has a cap with a diameter of 10 cm. It can be colored brown, red or yellow. When cracked, the straw-colored flesh shows through. The saffron-colored leg with a reddish mesh darkens with age.
3. Variegated is distinguished by a yellowish cap, which gradually becomes covered with cracks. Through them, the flesh of a pinkish tone is visible.

The listed types cannot be called “bruises”, since when pressure is applied to their surface, spots of this color do not appear. This is the fundamental difference between the chestnut boletus and the boletus, which is similar in appearance. The features of these mushrooms can be seen in the photo:

However, Polish also has dangerous false counterparts, similar to the porcini mushroom and which are also false in relation to it. The table shows comparative characteristics of its poisonous imitators.

So, we see the main differences between insidious doubles and donkeys. In the satanic one, this is redness when pressed, a fundamentally different (grayish) color of the cap, a different shape and color of the stem, and a bad smell. And gallstone has a pink color of the pulp, its bitterness and the absence of a blue spot upon physical impact.

With a yellow hat

The concept of “yellow hat” is relative. This category includes mushrooms that have signs of a sunny color in color, which may be darker or, conversely, faded. Some mushrooms have a yellow cap when young, but after a while it acquires darker tones.

Oil can

Butterflies are difficult to confuse with any other mushrooms, thanks to their cap with a sticky, slimy skin, which is where the name of the mushroom comes from. The color can be presented in different interpretations, but yellow-brown and gray-olive tones predominate.

Young mushrooms resemble the shape of a hemisphere, while in adults the cap looks straightened, sometimes with raised edges. The leg is white with a yellowish tint, 4–12 cm long, with a membranous ring.

Butterflies are classified as edible and are loved by many connoisseurs of mushroom dishes. The only thing that creates a problem is their cleaning, since it is advisable to remove the top sticky film from the mushrooms, otherwise they become tougher during the cooking process and lose their aesthetic appearance.

Read how to easily peel the skins of boletus and how to cook them.

Porcini

Boletus can rightfully be called the king of the mushroom kingdom, since its nutritional and taste qualities are beyond doubt. And with its size, it may well qualify for this post. The cap of a porcini mushroom can reach a diameter of 30 cm. The convex hemispherical shape is clearly visible.

The skin is smooth, but may crack in dry weather. Young mushrooms have a light cap, the color varies from almost white to lemon yellow, orange. It darkens with age and acquires a red-brown tone.

The mushroom stem is massive, barrel-shaped. With an average length of about 12 cm, thickness - 6–8 cm.

The lower part of the cap is covered with a tubular layer with a recess near the stem. In young mushrooms it is white, but then turns yellow, acquiring an olive tint. The flesh of the mushroom body is juicy and fleshy with a mild taste. The aroma comes out most during cooking.

What mushrooms are similar to Polish ones and how to distinguish them from false ones

Polish representatives also have dangerous doubles. This is a gall mushroom, some varieties of fly mushrooms, as well as a satanic mushroom. Polish ones can always be identified by the blue discoloration of the fruiting bodies. But there are also other distinctive features.

Bile mushroom

This species is known as bitterweed. Its representatives belong to the conditionally edible category. Eating fruits is possible only after certain additional treatments. A single mustard, lost among other mushrooms, can ruin the taste of an entire dish.

Bittersweet can be distinguished by its color. The tubular layer under the fetal cap has a grayish-pink tint. Another characteristic difference is its unpleasant smell. But this feature is clearly expressed only in aging specimens.

Motley flywheel

Externally, the mushrooms are very similar, especially young ones. You can distinguish a variegated flywheel by the surface of its cap. As it ripens, it becomes covered with deep cracks, through which the red-pink threads of the fruiting body are visible.

Green moss

You can also distinguish a green moss mushroom from a pan mushroom by the cap. Even in young mushrooms it has a greenish tint in its color. Old fruits, as in the case of variegated flywheels, have cracks on the surface. The yellow flesh is visible through them.

Satanic mushroom

Confusing the chestnut mushroom with the satanic mushroom is very dangerous, since the latter is considered poisonous by mycologists. Poisoning is often accompanied by serious consequences.

It should be noted that the similarity between these species is very doubtful. And only a novice mushroom picker can confuse them:

1. Firstly, the leg of the Satanic is always painted red or bright pink, which is not observed in representatives of the Polish species.
2. Secondly, on the same leg of the poisonous fruit there is a mesh pattern.
3. Thirdly, mushrooms differ in the color of their cap (in satanic mushrooms it is light gray or white).

Pictures of mushrooms with names. Types and names of mushrooms with pictures

The best way to independently learn to recognize edible and inedible mushrooms is to familiarize yourself with their names, descriptions and photos. Of course, it is better if you walk through the forest several times with an experienced mushroom picker, or show your catch at home, but everyone needs to learn to distinguish between real and false mushrooms.

You will find the names of mushrooms in alphabetical order, their descriptions and photos in this article, which you can later use as a guide to mushroom growing.

Types and names of mushrooms with pictures

The species diversity of fungi is very wide, so there is a strict classification of these forest inhabitants (Figure 1).

So, according to edibility they are divided into:

• Edible (white, boletus, champignon, chanterelle, etc.);
• Conditionally edible (dubovik, greenfinch, veselka, milk mushroom, line);
• Poisonous (satanic, toadstool, fly agaric).

In addition, they are usually divided according to the type of bottom of the cap. According to this classification, they are tubular (outwardly reminiscent of a porous sponge) and lamellar (plates are clearly visible on the inside of the cap). The first group includes boletus, boletus, boletus and aspen. The second includes saffron milk caps, milk mushrooms, chanterelles, honey mushrooms and russula. Morels are considered a separate group, which includes morels and truffles.

Figure 1. Classification of edible varieties

It is also customary to separate them according to their nutritional value. According to this classification, they are of four types:

1. With high taste qualities: saffron milk cap, milk mushroom and white;
2. The second category: boletus, boletus, champignons and boletus.
3. The third group is the most numerous and includes boletus, chanterelles, trumpets, russula and honey mushrooms.
4. The fourth category includes species with the lowest taste: black milk mushrooms, ocher russula, goat and rubella.

Since there are so many types, we will give the names of the most popular ones with their pictures. The best edible mushrooms with photos and names are given in

Edible mushrooms: photos and names

Edible varieties include those that can be freely eaten fresh, dried and boiled. They have high taste qualities, and you can distinguish an edible specimen from an inedible one in the forest by the color and shape of the fruiting body, smell and some characteristic features.

What mushrooms are edible?

Each fungal family has both edible and inedible mushrooms. Without certain knowledge and experience, using only an atlas for identification, it is very difficult to study the world of mushrooms and determine their edibility.

Information about whether a mushroom is edible or conditionally edible can be very contradictory. In any case, when picking mushrooms, be vigilant; if you do not know the mushroom or you are in doubt, it is better to skip it.

This does not mean at all that you need to give up going to the forest to pick mushrooms. Having filled the basket with mushrooms, be sure to consult with experts, local residents, look through the atlas, you can even send photos and descriptions to the Internet, and only when you are confident can you begin culinary preparations.

There is an opinion that in order to understand how to distinguish an edible mushroom from an inedible one, you need to boil it with onions, and if the onion turns black, then the mushroom is inedible. It is not true. Mushroom poisons do not affect the color of onions at all. Moreover, there are poisons that are not digested into liquid at all, but remain in the mushroom body.

Sometimes poisoning from edible mushrooms occurs. This happens completely not due to ignorance of mushrooms. The fact is that the mushroom, by its nature, tends to accumulate toxins, as well as salts of heavy metals, and it is these poisons that lead to severe poisoning. Therefore, when giving preference to a place for collecting mushrooms, avoid places contaminated with human waste. Landfills and garbage heaps, which unfortunately increasingly fill forests, are completely unsuitable for collecting mushrooms, although the mushrooms themselves grow happily there.

Mushrooms with white cap and white stem

In nature, there are many mushrooms with a white color. Some mushroom pickers are wary of taking them, because many are accustomed to brown and reddish caps of forest gifts, considering white ones to be unnatural. In fact, among the “albino” mushrooms there are many not only tasty, but also useful representatives, although toadstools are also found.

Important! All mushrooms, without exception, have the ability to accumulate toxins and heavy metal salts. They should not be collected close to highways, near industrial enterprises and waste disposal sites.

Champignon

There is probably not a person who does not know about the existence of these mushrooms. Even without being a mushroom picker, everyone has at least once tried champignons with their excellent aroma and taste. By the way, they can be consumed raw and it is even recommended to do this periodically, since they contain a lot of useful substances that are perfectly preserved without heat treatment.

Today they have learned to grow champignons at home, in garden beds, in basements, and also for further sale. In nature, they grow in areas with a temperate climate; they love meadow, forest and even garden soils. The fruits are collected from May to October.

Champignons, as a rule, are completely white; less often you can find a slightly brownish color. The cap has the shape of a hemisphere, but over time it acquires a flatter shape with a diameter of 6–12 cm. The upper cover is often velvety, but sometimes scaly skin can also be found.

The leg is straight and even, slightly widening closer to the base. The mushrooms are neat and small, 7–10 cm high. The pulp is white, fleshy, but if broken, it quickly changes color to pink upon contact with air.

Description and photo of the Polish mushroom

The Polish mushroom is very easy to confuse with other forest inhabitants. Largely because it has a really unusual color palette, as well as its appearance. And yet, an experienced mushroom picker who knows the nuances of searching for mushrooms will certainly understand who appeared before him. There are other names - chestnut moss mushroom, pan mushroom, brown mushroom. From Latin - Imleria badia.

hat

The cap of the Polish mushroom is really quite large, its diameter can reach up to 12 cm. At the same time, the shape of the cap of this mushroom most often has a convex shape, and looks like a hemisphere. At the same time, its edges are wrapped inward. However, with age, the edges begin to rise, thereby forming a flat surface.

As for the shades of the cap, it has brown tones, somewhat less often red. In fact, the color largely depends on the growing conditions of a given mushroom.

If you run your hand over the cap of a Polish mushroom, you will notice that it is quite velvety and dry, however, depending on the growth rate, it gradually becomes smooth and even a little slimy.

The Polish mushroom or chestnut flywheel does not like direct sunlight, due to which the surface of the body of the cap often cracks.

If the soil is too acidic, the Polish mushroom may have a slightly green tint. When cut, or with proportionate pressure, the mushroom does not produce any toxic secretions.

Leg

The stem of this mushroom is quite tall and can reach 15 cm in height. Its diameter varies from 1 to 4 cm.

Most often, such a mushroom has a cylindrical and rather swollen shape. At the same time, the structure of the leg is currently quite smooth, dense, and separates into fibers. However, with age it becomes empty.

The color is not similar to the color of the cap; most often there are light colors. It can be either yellow or dark brown.

It may turn blue with age and also has a reddish tint if the soil is acidic.

Habitat of the chestnut flywheel

This fungus prefers acidic soils, which are the most fertile for it. Most often found next to chestnut, beech or oak. However, he also does not avoid spruce forests.

Where does this forest dweller grow geographically?

So, it grows where the soils are predominantly acidic. And these are mountainous regions, Western Europe, including Germany, the Czech Republic, as well as the territories of the CIS countries.

You can often find him in the Moscow region.

Often found in the northern temperate zone, as well as in Canada. The appearance of this fungus in Western Siberia, as well as in Azerbaijan, cannot be ruled out. Moreover, if you once found it in a given area, it is far from a fact that the mushroom will be waiting for you there next year.

Depending on the place of growth and soil category, this mushroom may differ slightly in appearance. Therefore, be prepared for this.

Pulp

The pulp of this chestnut flywheel is distinguished by its dense structure and is very strong. If you unfold the clip, you can feel a pleasant modern smell; sometimes there are even fruity notes in it. The taste of the mushroom picker is sweetish, and also has a light brown tint, which does not change color when interacting with oxygen.

However, after an hour, the pulp begins to turn blue and becomes completely brown.

When young, the mushroom is quite hard, however, the older it gets, the softer its softness becomes.

Conditionally edible mushrooms

The conditionally edible group includes mushrooms that become suitable for consumption only if properly prepared. Most often, they require pre-soaking in water for several hours, after which they are boiled, fried or stewed.

Real milk mushroom

Real breast milk The real
breast milk is distinguished by a flat-convex cap measuring 7-20 cm, which over time becomes funnel-shaped. The skin is yellowish or creamy white.

The stem of the mushroom is cylindrical, reaches 4-8 cm in length, yellowish or milky in color. The pulp has a dense and brittle texture. True milk mushrooms are found in mixed or deciduous plantings, most often growing in large groups. They ripen from late July to early October.

False chanterelle

False chanterelle
The false chanterelle has a fairly large cap, up to 4-6 cm, in some regions it can grow up to 8-10 cm. Its shape is convex, with curved edges, and becomes flat or slightly wavy with age. Its surface is velvety, yellowish-orange, sometimes with a brown tint. The leg is 0.5-1 cm wide and up to 5-7 cm long.

Interesting: Why are chanterelles not wormy? Reasons, photos and videos

False chanterelles are found in forests, pine and deciduous plantations. The mushroom harvest can be harvested from the beginning of August until the last days of September.

Poplar row

Poplar row
The poplar row has a convex, hemispherical cap with curved edges, of a brownish-pinkish hue. Its size can reach 8-13 cm, the color of the flesh under the cap is slightly reddish. The mushroom stem is cylindrical, medium in size, strong and fleshy.

The poplar row ripens from the end of August to the second half of October. This mushroom can be found in deciduous plantings, parks, under poplar and aspen.

Winter honey fungus

Winter honey agaric
Winter honey agaric has a hemispherical cap of an ocher or brownish-yellowish hue, which becomes covered with dark spots with age. The mushroom stem is characterized by a cylindrical shape, its thickness is 1 cm, length up to 5-7 cm. The pulp is watery, milky in color.

Most often, winter honey mushrooms are collected at the end of November or the first half of December. Under suitable climatic conditions, fruiting continues throughout the winter. Mushrooms grow in deciduous plantings, on tree stumps and dead wood.

Champignon coppice

Copse champignon
Copse champignons can be recognized by their light cream or white color, spherical cap measuring 6-10 cm and the almost complete absence of scales. The pulp is thin, juicy and elastic.

The stem of the mushroom is cylindrical, hollow inside, up to 7-9 cm long. It has a pronounced white ring that can fall to the surface of the ground. Copper champignons are common in deciduous and coniferous forests. They can be collected from the second half of June to the beginning of September.

Wolf boletus

Wolf's boletus
The wolf's boletus is distinguished by a large semicircular, convex cap measuring 7-15 cm. Under favorable climatic conditions, its diameter can reach 20 cm. The color can be different - milky, beige, grayish, with pink-red or brown shades.

The leg is strong, cylindrical, up to 4-6 cm wide and up to 6-8 cm high. Its color is golden yellow or orange. Wolf's boletus grows in Israel, in oak forests. Ripens from November to the first half of February.

Valuy

Valuy
Valuy belongs to the mushrooms from the Russula family. It has a large cap of yellowish-brown or golden color, up to 10-15 cm in size. In young specimens it is spherical, but during the aging process it becomes almost flat.

The leg is barrel-shaped or cylindrical, with a diameter of 2-3 cm and a length of up to 7-13 cm. The pulp is snow-white and fragile, quickly darkens after cutting. Valuy can be harvested in deciduous and mixed plantings from July until the first frost.

Moss fly semi-golden

The semi-golden flywheel
The semi-golden flywheel has a yellowish-gray cap, hemispherical in shape, which becomes flat with age. Its diameter is usually 5-6 cm. This is a very rare mushroom that is found only in a few regions of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

The leg is cylindrical, straight and strong, 3-5 cm high. It can have a yellowish-orange, ocher-brown or reddish tint. Most often, moss fly grows in deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests, as well as among moss. Mushrooms can be collected from the second half of July to September.

Ramaria yellow

Ramaria yellow
Ramaria yellow has an unusual shape of the fruiting body, reminiscent of coral. It reaches 13-16 cm in diameter and 18-20 cm in height. The dense white stalk produces numerous cylindrical shoots. The mushroom can have various shades of yellowish-orange color.

Interesting: Why does a mushroom need a cap?

Yellow ramaria can be seen in mixed deciduous and coniferous plantings. It grows both in groups and singly, most often appearing in August or September.

Speckled oakweed

Speckled Dubovik
Speckled Dubovik has a cushion-shaped, hemispherical cap, the diameter of which, depending on the growing conditions, reaches 8-16 cm. It has a velvety and matte surface of brown-chestnut, reddish-brown or black color.

The stem of the mushroom is barrel-shaped, its width is 3-4 cm, length 6-11 cm. With age, it thickens at the base and becomes covered with small dark red scales.

Speckled oak is found in coniferous and deciduous forests and appears from the first days of August until the end of September.

Pepper mushroom

Pepper Mushroom
Pepper mushroom can be recognized by its rich copper-brown, reddish-rust color. The diameter of the round-convex cap usually does not exceed 3-7 cm, the surface is velvety, the flesh is yellowish-gray, turning red at the cut site.

The mushroom has a cylindrical stalk up to 5-9 cm high, most often narrowed at the bottom and curved, without a ring. Its shade matches the color of the cap.

Pepper mushrooms are found in pine forests and forests, most often from the end of July to the first frost.

Gorkushka

Bittersweet
The main features of bittersweet are a flat-convex cap measuring up to 11-13 cm. With aging, it becomes fleshy, funnel-shaped and dry, with a rich brown-red color.

The stem of the mushroom has a cylindrical shape, with a edge at the base. Its height reaches 8-9 cm, diameter up to 0.5-2.5 cm. The color is whitish, pink or brown-red. Bitters can be collected in deciduous and mixed plantings from July to the end of October.

Yellow cobweb

Yellow webwort
Young yellow webworts have hemispherical caps, 3-8 cm in diameter. As they age, they become semi-prostrate.

The mushroom cap is yellowish-orange in color with a darker shade in the center. The leg is thickened at the base, large and massive, its height can reach 9-16 cm. The yellow spider web appears in the second half of August, grows until the end of September, and is most often found under deciduous trees.

Interesting fact : mushrooms and ferns are the oldest inhabitants of the planet, successfully surviving the era of dinosaurs.

Rhizopogon yellowish

Yellowish rhizopogon
Yellowish rhizopogon is not popular among mushroom pickers, since almost its entire fruiting body is located underground. It is tuberous, reminiscent of potatoes, the diameter reaches 4-6 cm. The color ranges from dark brown to brown-yellow.

The yellowish rhizopogon has dense and fleshy flesh of a snow-white hue with an olive tint and a garlicky aroma. Most often found in pine forests, ripens from mid-July to the first days of October.

Beneficial properties of Polish mushroom

The Polish mushroom is edible and very tasty, but in terms of calorie content it is inferior to many mushrooms. For example, the calorie content of 100 g of fresh Polish mushroom is 19 kcal, white - 34 kcal, champignons - 27 kcal, boletus - 22 kcal.

Per 100 g of its mass, the Polish mushroom contains:

• 1.7 g protein,
• 0.7 g fat,
• 1.5 g carbohydrates.

The main part of the pulp of the fruiting bodies of the Polish mushroom consists of chitin, or mycochitin. This substance is also called mushroom “fiber”. Chitin differs from fiber in vegetables and fruits only in the presence of nitrogen atoms in its molecule. In the human body, chitin, like vegetable fiber, is not digested, but has a very beneficial effect on intestinal motility and, accordingly, on the entire digestion process. In addition, chitin has good sorbing properties: passing through the gastrointestinal tract, its molecules bind various toxins and heavy metal ions, removing them from the body.

The Polish mushroom contains:

• vitamins: B1 - 0.14 mg, B2 - 0.3 mg, B9 - 21.0 mg, B12 - 0.01 mg, C - 3.0 mg, PP - 7.96 mg.
• mineral elements: K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Se, Cu, Mn, Fe, F, P, Na.
• 22 amino acids (25-28% dry weight). Among them are all the so-called essential amino acids that the human body does not produce: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, valine.

Polish mushroom improves memory, reduces the risk of developing atherosclerosis, increases mental activity, renews nerve cells and has a beneficial effect on the condition of skin, hair and nails.

Extracts of the fruiting bodies of the Polish mushroom have antioxidant activity due to the presence of the amino acid L-theonine, which is also found in green tea extracts. In addition to L-theonine, a whole bunch of other antioxidants were found in these mushrooms. It has been established that 100 g of dry mass of the fruiting bodies of the Polish mushroom contains:

• 164.6 mg total polyphenols;
• 19-87 mg total flavonoids;
• 22.1-27.4 mg L-ascorbic acid;
• 0.53-1.03 mg β-carotene;
• 0.33-0.46 mg lycopene;
• 38.6-44.5 mg total tocopherols (vitamin E).

It is interesting to note that the antioxidant properties of the Polish mushroom are influenced by the method of cooking. For example, blanching the fruiting bodies before subsequent cooking significantly reduces the antioxidant properties compared to stewing raw mushrooms.

Photo credit: Erlon Bailey, CC BA-SY 4.0

Aqueous extracts from the fruiting bodies of the Polish mushroom contain water-soluble polysaccharides. By exerting an activating effect on the cells of the immune system, they increase the antitumor resistance of the human and animal body.

However, the anti-cancer properties of water-soluble polysaccharides of the Polish mushroom are now being actively studied and it is too early to talk about their practical use in oncology.

Brown mushrooms on a tree

Many mushroom pickers skip tree mushrooms because they know little about them and do not want to take unfamiliar species. Indeed, there are few edible mushrooms among this group. Let's take a closer look at the characteristics of brown tree mushrooms.

Muer

Looks like burnt paper, thin, crispy. They are actively used in Vietnamese, Thai, Japanese and Chinese cooking. In Russia, these mushrooms are sold in dried form. Muer contains protein, vitamins, amino acids, phosphorus, calcium, potassium. It is also believed that black wood fungus relieves swelling and slows down the aging process.

Scaly tinder

Prefers deciduous trees, settles low on both living and dead trunks. The scaly tinder fungus is found in the middle zone and the Far East. The pest is distinguished by an asymmetrical fleshy cap, covered on top with dark brown scales in a wavy pattern. The pulp has a spongy-corky, crumbly consistency. It has a pleasant aroma that reminds some people of the smell of fresh cucumbers.

Auricularia ear-shaped

Grows on living and dried deciduous trees, prefers elderberry and alder. This fungus doesn't smell like anything. Young individuals have a purple tint, while older ones gradually turn brown. In our country, Auricularia auriculata is collected in August and September, mainly in the southern regions of the Primorsky Territory.

Attention! Liver fungus is contraindicated in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, liver and gout. It is highly undesirable to make dishes from pepper mushrooms for children.

Chaga

A fungus that consists of black growths (sometimes huge) that infect wooden shoots. It grows over 10–20 years, delving into the core of the trunk and gradually destroying the tree. Chaga is widespread in birch groves and forests of Russia, in the taiga and forest-steppe.

Mushrooms growing on living birch trees are used for medicinal purposes. Chaga is used in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. For prevention, a variety of teas, infusions and decoctions are prepared at home.

Important! Mushrooms are heavy food for the human digestive tract. Even if the fruiting body is not poisonous, it, like a sponge, can absorb toxins from the earth. It is strictly forbidden to eat mushrooms in childhood.

When going into the forest, it is important not to forget that not all mushrooms are safe - there are many poisonous lookalikes, for example, mushrooms with a purple stem and a brown cap, and without knowing the distinctive features it is difficult not to make a mistake. Pay attention to all the details and description, photos, smells, terrain, the presence of a skirt on the leg, color changes, taste. Eat only those species that you are confident in, and do not neglect the advice of experienced mushroom pickers. If you have the slightest doubt, do not put an unknown mushroom in your basket to avoid harm to your health.

Recipe for fried mushrooms with potatoes and onions

To prepare a delicious dish, you will need the following ingredients:

• 1 kg of moss mushrooms;
• 500 g potatoes;
• 1 tbsp. l. sunflower oil;
• bulb;
• salt.

Description of preparation step by step:

1. Before frying, it is necessary to boil the mushrooms. There is no need to cook for a long time; they should cook for 15-20 minutes.
2. In a heated frying pan, you need to place the fruits, which are first cut into small pieces. But if you wish, you can add them entirely.
3. They need to be fried evenly, and for this you should stir constantly.
4. At this time, you should peel and cut the potatoes and onions into cubes (in the form of half rings).
5. When the Polish mushroom is fried, add potatoes and onions. The products must be fried together until cooked.
6. Salt the dish. If desired, add bay leaf and a couple of black peppercorns.
7. To prevent the roast from burning, place the pan in the oven, preheated to 150 degrees. It is left there for 15 minutes.

This completes the preparation. The result is a tasty and nutritious dish that everyone is sure to enjoy. If desired, you can serve it with pickled cucumbers and tomatoes.

Roast Polish mushrooms with potatoes and onions can also be prepared from dried mushrooms. To do this, they must first be soaked in milk and cooked in accordance with all stages.

Important! During the frying period, the fruiting bodies release a lot of liquid, so the cooking time is affected by the number of fruits and the heating mode. Typically frying is 45-60 minutes

Life hacks for correct definition

The following are tips to follow when searching for edible mushrooms:

1. It is recommended to go on a hike early in the morning. The dew on the mushroom caps is still there at this time. Thanks to its shine, prey can be easily spotted.
2. It is advisable to find out in advance what the forest is rich in: what trees and edible mushrooms (russula and boletus grow in the birch forest, saffron milk caps grow in the pine forest).
3. When identifying, look for toadstools, which are often white and green.
4. Lamellar mushrooms have false doubles, so it is better for beginners to take a closer look at the tubular species (boletus, boletus, boletus, boletus).
5. Do not pick the fruit completely, otherwise next year you will not give the whole family a chance to grow. According to the rules, the distance from the ground to the cut should be 0.5 - 1 cm.

Important! The presence of wormholes in large specimens indicates the edibility of the fruiting body.

Similar types of Polish mushroom

Porcini

Sometimes less experienced mushroom pickers may confuse the Polish mushroom with the white mushroom due to their very similar shape and color. However, upon closer examination, you can notice the fact that the stem of the porcini mushroom is barrel-shaped and, moreover, has a much lighter color and a characteristic mesh on the stem. A distinctive feature of the Polish mushroom is the flesh that turns blue or green when pressed on it, while the white mushroom does not have this quality.

Bile mushroom

This species is not edible due to its bitter taste, which becomes even more pronounced during cooking. It is not a poisonous mushroom, but it is very capable of ruining the taste of a cooked dish. And if the shape of these two types of mushrooms is quite similar, then, in addition to the blue-green color of the cap of the Polish mushroom that appears from pressing on the lower surface, they are also very easy to distinguish by the color of the tubular layer - it is yellow-green in the flywheel, and grayish-pink in gall fungus. Very old specimens of mustard (also called false porcini mushroom) also smell unpleasant.

Mushrooms from the genus Mokhovik

The Polish mushroom is most similar to its fellow moss mushrooms:

• variegated flywheel - they can be distinguished by their yellow-brown cap, which cracks with age and through these cracks the pink or red tissue of the variegated flywheel becomes visible;
• brown flywheel - the dark red, brown or brown cap of this species is about 10 cm in diameter and has dry white or light yellow tissue, which is clearly visible through the cracks in the cap. In addition, the light yellow stem of the mushroom darkens over time and is covered with a reddish-brown mesh at the top and pink-brown at its base;
• The green flywheel differs from the Polish mushroom in having a lighter stem and a golden-brown with a greenish tint to the cap with light yellow tissue inside, which is also quite easy to observe through the cracks in the cap.

Tubular

The genus of tubular mushrooms has a wide, fleshy cap. The spore-bearing layer looks like a porous sponge with holes in the form of miniature tubes.

Wolf boletus

The cap is convex, at first it is rough, later it becomes smooth. Its width is 15-20 cm. The color directly depends on the age of the boletus:

• only the sprouted caps have a pale brown or light gray color, the pores are small and yellow;
• “adults” have caps of red, orange or pink color, the pores are large and red.

The flesh is fleshy, waxy or yellow in color; when cut or damaged, it turns blue.

The legs are yellow with brown-red spots, fleshy, with a diameter of 1.5 to 7 cm, and a height of 4 to 9 cm.

Wolf's boletus loves limestone, warm climates, oak and beech forests. Collection time is November-December.

Poddubovik

The mushroom cap can be from 2 to 25 cm wide. At first it has the shape of a hemisphere, but the older the mushroom, the more it bends, and its edges are wrapped. The color is light yellow or brown, and if damaged, the mushroom turns blue. The pulp is dense and dry.

The leg is elongated, but at the bottom it thickens and darkens to brown, in the middle part it is yellow, and turns red at the cap. Has a red mesh. The pulp is loose, sometimes with voids. Leg length – from 2 to 10 cm.

This mushroom prefers oak forests, but can grow in other deciduous forests. It is usually found on the edges or clearings. It can be collected from June to September, and in warm autumn until November.

Common dubovik

The cap of the common oak tree is fleshy, convex, and rough. It can reach 18-19 cm in width. Color yellow-brown or gray-brown. The pulp is dense, yellow in color, but when cut it turns blue-green and later turns black.

The pores of the cap are small, in young oaks the color is ocher, in “teenagers” they are orange or red, and in mature and large ones they are dark gray-green.

The leg seems to be covered with a brown mesh, its color is gradient - yellow at the cap, dirty yellow in the center, and olive near the base.

Common oakberry bears fruit in both deciduous and mixed forests; most likely this mushroom can be found at the roots of oaks and lindens. Collection period – August-September.

Speckled oakweed

The hat of this type is similar to a hemisphere and has a brown or dark brown color. The flesh is yellow, changing color to blue-green when cut. When it rains, the cap becomes covered with mucus, and if you press it, it turns black.

The pores of young mushrooms are yellow, while those of “adults” are orange and red. In places of damage they turn blue. The spores are dirty olive in color.

The leg is dense and wide - up to 4 cm in longitudinal section, height 4-16 cm. When the mushroom appears, it is round, then takes a cylindrical shape. Its color is yellow-orange with numerous bright red splashes.

Speckled Oak loves coniferous forests, as well as places where oaks and beeches grow. Collection takes place from May to October.

Ruby oiler

The cap of the ruby ​​oiler can be painted brick, dirty yellow or red. Width - from 4 to 8 cm. While the mushroom is young, its cap is convex, as it matures it bends, and the edges rise to the top. The flesh is yellow, turning pink at the tubular edge.

The leg is thickened at the base. Near the cap it is purple, closer to the soil it becomes yellow, and the color of its flesh also changes.

The ruby ​​butterfly can grow on half-decomposed oak wood, but prefers the ground. It usually grows in oak forests, but is also found in mixed deciduous or coniferous-deciduous forests. The fruiting period occurs in August and September.

Oil can Kozlyak

The cap is smooth, has a diameter of 7-12 cm. It has a reddish color, which can darken to brown. With age, it sags, forming something like a plate. The pulp is rubber-like in density and light yellow in color, but may acquire a red tint when cut.

The leg is light orange, thin (no more than 2 cm wide), often curved, cylindrical in shape, and thickens near the soil. Height varies from 6 to 10 cm.

Collection time is from July to September. The goat loves pine forests with moist soil.

Oiler Siberian

The cap is slimy, lumpy, light yellow with brown or red convex spots. With age, its edges bend upward. In cross section it is 4-10 cm. The pulp, tubular layer and pores are yellow, and when damaged they acquire a red tint. A mature representative has brown spores. The tubular layer of the young mushroom is covered with a light fleecy film, which, as it matures, breaks off and can hang down, leaving a leg ring.

The leg is 5-10 cm long. It is cylindrical in shape, slightly curved and tapers closer to the soil. The color is gray-yellow, the stem sometimes turns red at the base.

The mushroom prefers coniferous forests. It can be collected from July to mid-September.

Fir oiler

The mushroom has a wide, gently sloping, convex cap with an uneven edge. It is colored dirty yellow or dirty brown, which darkens towards the top and becomes lighter at the edges. The hat has scales. When dry, they become coarser and acquire a darker color. The pores are slightly lighter in color than the mushroom cap, the spores are a rich yellow hue. The pulp is tender, light yellow. Pressure or too dry air causes the fir oil can to turn brown.

The leg is thin (1-2 cm in diameter), yellow, cylindrical, thickened towards the bottom, covered with dark growths. Height from 4 to 8 cm.

The mushroom grows in fir forests. Fruits from July to September.

Oil can gray

A distinctive feature of this oiler is its gray color with a purple or green tint. The cap is large, covered with mucus, up to 10 cm in diameter, convex, with a tubercle in the middle, becoming thinner at the edges. The pulp is watery. Its color is white, turns brown over time, and if broken or cut it turns blue.

The leg has a ring that disappears with age, its height is up to 8 cm. Its flesh is dense and yellow in color. Diameter 1-2 cm.

Gray oiler can appear in both deciduous and pine forests. Fruiting lasts from July to September inclusive.

Red-pore porphyry

The cap of this mushroom has arbitrary outlines and tubercles, its approximate diameter is 5-10 cm. The color is from brown to brown-red, matte. When cut, the flesh of the red-faced porphyria may change color to green, blue or black. The peculiarity of the fungus is the spores of a bright red-brown, almost purple color.

The shape of the stem depends on the location of the mushroom. In wet soil it stretches out, but in dry soil it becomes wide and low. The legs can be either smooth or scaly.

This mushroom grows in deciduous forests from August to September.

Porphyry false birch

The cap is round, cushion-shaped, dry, brown or gray-brown in color. Diameter up to 10 cm. The tubular layer is lighter than the cap: dirty gray, creamy gray. The spores are red-brown in color.

The height of the leg is from 4 to 12 cm, the diameter is 1-3 cm. It thickens in the middle, and is slightly thinner at the base and cap. The color of the legs is dark brown. The pulp is white, but turns red when cut and turns brown over time.

False birch porphyry appears in coniferous or mixed forests. Fruiting occurs from July to October.

Wood flywheel

The cap is orange-brown in color and pillow-shaped. It is significantly wider than the stalk, its diameter is 2-8 cm. The spores are olive-colored, the pores are pale yellow. The edge of the cap on the reverse side is brick-colored. The pulp is yellow, dense.

The leg is elongated and cylindrical, from 3 to 10 cm in height. Sometimes it can bend, the color matches the cap, or is a little lighter.

These mushrooms grow on trees, rotten stumps, and fallen trunks. They bear fruit from July to September.